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  • Understand Primary Immunodeficiency and its warning signs. Connect with expert immunologists.
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10 Warning Signs of Primary Immunodeficiency

The 10 Warning Signs of Primary Immunodeficiency were developed in 1993 in collaboration with our medical advisory board and the American Red Cross to promote earliest possible diagnosis and improved quality of life. The Warning Signs are regularly updated to ensure accuracy.

If you or someone you know experiences two or more of the warning signs, speak with an immunologist about the possibility of an undiagnosed PI.

  1. Four or more new ear infections within 1 year
  2. Two or more serious sinus infections within 1 year
  3. Two or more months on antibiotics with little effect
  4. Two or more pneumonias within 1 year
  5. Failure of an infant to gain weight or grow normally
  6. Recurrent, deep skin or organ abscesses
  7. Persistent thrush in mouth or fungal infection on skin
  8. Need for intravenous antibiotics to clear infections
  9. Two or more deep-seated infections including septicemia
  10. A family history of PI
  • 10 Warning Signs of PI for Children

    PosterDownload
  • Illustrated 10 Warning Signs of PI

    PosterDownload
  1. Two or more new ear infections within 1 year
  2. Two or more new sinus infections within 1 year(in the absence of allergy)
  3. One pneumonia per year for more than 1 year
  4. Chronic diarrhea with weight loss
  5. Recurrent viral infections(colds, herpes, warts, condyloma)
  6. Recurrent need for intravenous antibiotics to clear infections
  7. Recurrent, deep abscesses of the skin or internal organs
  8. Persistent thrush or fungal infection on skin or elsewhere
  9. Infection with normally harmless tuberculosis-like bacteria
  10. A family history of PI
  • 10 Warning Signs of PI for Adults

    PosterDownload

If you or someone you know is experiencing any symptoms of Primary Immunodeficiency, the 4 Stages of Testing provides a structured diagnostic pathway. This evidence-based framework helps physicians accurately diagnose PI and has been translated into dozens of languages to enhance early diagnosis worldwide.

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If you are experiencing any above the above symptoms you can explore next steps in the 4 Stages of Testing.
  • What is PI?
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In 2024, The Jeffrey Modell Foundation received the highest four-star rating from Charity Navigator for the 9th consecutive year, ranking #1 in Immunology out of 10,000 organizations evaluated worldwide.

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